It is not that likely that having no speakers connected accounts for your problem. That could overload the primary side of the output transformer, but, that usually happens when there is an input and the amp is supposedly putting out a lot of power, except, there is no load attached. If you had no signal going to the input, I don't think you caused the problem.
Perhaps an output tube was bad (shorted) and that caused the main fuse to blow. Check all fuses first; if you are lucky it is just the fuse.
Perhaps an output tube was bad (shorted) and that caused the main fuse to blow. Check all fuses first; if you are lucky it is just the fuse.