Cat-proofing your speakers...

You can get glue-on soft-plastic caps for cat claws. They periodically shed with the claws as they grow out, but for a scratcher, it's a good solution that's a lot safer and more humane than de-clawing, and it's not permanent. They last a few weeks before falling off, and are cheap and easy to apply.

As cats get older, they usually calm down, and disruptive behaviors are less of a factor, and easier to control (as in, yelling starts to actually work). I would not have made it past kitten stage with my latest cat without the claw caps, but thanks to them, things are cool.

I realize the OP has asked specifically about how to deal with clawing, but there is another issue with cats, and dogs for that matter - chewing . . . . If I ever figure out a solution, I will certainly share it.

A new audiophile term to be added to WAF; CDF. Where the d could be distruction or disposal.

Maybe a pair of electrostats, leave the grills off (strictly for training purposes of course).

My Cockatiel bird bit on a lamp cord that was plugged in ONCE. After the tiny but audible zap through his beak, he stays away from that particular kind of cord. No others, but that type anyway.
Perhaps some sort of medium votage wiring as a sort of fence around the speakers. A few zaps on the wiskers should be a decent lesson not to go to the speakers.
Telephone wires are his current favorite. Just thee right size to chew on. Lucky for me his beak is not bigger...